Traditional varieties have largely been produced through vegetative propagation by grafting of mutated branches, while mango cross-breeding has become dominant since its introduction to the USA, Australia, and China, producing a number of cultivars that have established world popularity. It has a domestication history of over 4000 years within a large area in the Indo-Burmese and Southeast Asia regions but spreads to other parts of the world since the fourteenth century. Within this genus, most, if not all, cultivated mangoes belong to the species Mangifera indica, although dozens of other Mangifera species produce edible fruits. Mango is the member of the genus Mangifera in the Anacardiaceae family. The biosynthetic pathways for these compounds remain largely uncharacterized but are believed to arise from initial polyketide synthase-like reactions mediated by chalcone synthase for phenolic ring formation. Nevertheless, like many other Anacardiaceae plants such as poison ivy, sumac, and cashew, mango produces phenolic compounds (e.g., urushiols) that can induce contact dermatitis, an undesired quality for fresh mango consumption. The fruits demonstrate attractive visual appearance and offer a favorable sensory experience to consumers, making them growingly popular among world consumers. Mango fruits are mainly consumed fresh, while some are processed into products like nectar, juice, jam, and powder. In 2016, the global production of mango was 46.5 million tons, which ranks as the fifth most produced fruit crop worldwide ( ). India, China, and Thailand are the top three producers. Mango is widely cultivated in tropical and warmer subtropical areas in the world. Mango, commonly known as the “king of fruits,” is one of the most popular fruits in the world. Genome resequencing clarifies two groups of mango varieties, discovers allelic admixture in commercial varieties, and shows distinct genetic background of landraces. ConclusionsĪnalysis of chromosome-scale mango genome sequences reveals photosynthesis and lipid metabolism are preferentially retained after a recent WGD event, and expansion of CHS genes is likely associated with urushiol biosynthesis in mango. Landraces indigenous in China formed distinct clades, and some showed admixture in genomes. Genome resequencing reveals two distinct groups of mango varieties, with commercial varieties clustered with India germplasms and demonstrating allelic admixture, and indigenous varieties from Southeast Asia in the second group. A notable example of an extended gene family is the chalcone synthase (CHS) family of genes, and particular genes in this family show universally higher expression in peels than in flesh, likely for the biosynthesis of urushiols and related phenols. Duplicated genes preferentially retained include photosynthetic, photorespiration, and lipid metabolic genes that may have provided adaptive advantages to sharp historical decreases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperatures. Our results indicate the occurrence of a recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) event in mango. We generate a chromosome-scale genome assembly of mango, providing a reference genome for the Anacardiaceae family. Many species in this family produce family-specific urushiols and related phenols, which can induce contact dermatitis. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which includes several other economically important species, notably cashew, sumac and pistachio from other genera. ![]() Mango is one of the world’s most important tropical fruits.
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